问题：
步进电机的外文翻译 机械类
回答：
三相异步电动机的结构及工作原理 一 结构 三相异步电动机的种类很多，但各类三相异步电动机的基本结构是相同的，它们都由定子和转子这两大基本部分组成，在定子和转子之间具有一定的气隙。此外，还有端盖、轴承、接线盒、吊环等其他附件，如图1.1所示。 图1.1 封闭式三相笼型异步电动机结构图 1—轴承；2—前端盖；3—转轴；4—接线盒；5—吊环；6—定子铁心； 7—转子；8—定子绕组；9—机座；10—后端盖；11—风罩；12—风扇 1．定子部分 定子是用来产生旋转磁场的。三相电动机的定子一般由外壳、定子铁心、定子绕组等部分组成。 （1）外壳 三相电动机外壳包括机座、端盖、轴承盖、接线盒及吊环等部件。 机座：铸铁或铸钢浇铸成型，它的作用是保护和固定三相电动机的定子绕组。中、小型三相电动机的机座还有两个端盖支承着转子，它是三相电动机机械结构的重要组成部分。通常，机座的外表要求散热性能好，所以一般都铸有散热片。 端盖：用铸铁或铸钢浇铸成型，它的作用是把转子固定在定子内腔中心，使转子能够在定子中均匀地旋转。 轴承盖：也是铸铁或铸钢浇铸成型的，它的作用是固定转子，使转子不能轴向移动，另外起存放润滑油和保护轴承的作用。 接线盒：一般是用铸铁浇铸，其作用是保护和固定绕组的引出线端子。 吊环：一般是用铸钢制造，安装在机座的上端，用来起吊、搬抬三相电动机。 （2）定子铁心 异步电动机定子铁心是电动机磁路的一部分，由0.35mm～0.5mm厚表面涂有绝缘漆的薄硅钢片叠压而成，如图1.2所示。由于硅钢片较薄而且片与片之间是绝缘的，所以减少了由于交变磁通通过而引起的铁心涡流损耗。铁心内圆有均匀分布的槽口，用来嵌放定子绕圈。 （a） 定子铁心 (b) 定子冲片 图1.2 定子铁心及冲片示意图 （3）定子绕组 定子绕组是三相电动机的电路部分，三相电动机有三相绕组，通入三相对称电流时，就会产生旋转磁场。三相绕组由三个彼此独立的绕组组成，且每个绕组又由若干线圈连接而成。每个绕组即为一相，每个绕组在空间相差120°电角度。线圈由绝缘铜导线或绝缘铝导线绕制。中、小型三相电动机多采用圆漆包线，大、中型三相电动机的定子线圈则用较大截面的绝缘扁铜线或扁铝线绕制后，再按一定规律嵌入定子铁心槽内。定子三相绕组的六个出线端都引至接线盒上，首端分别标为U1, V1, W1 ，末端分别标为U2, V2, W2 。这六个出线端在接线盒里的排列如图1.3所示，可以接成星形或三角形。 图1.3 定子绕组的联结 （a）星形连接 （b）三角形连接 2．转子部分 （1）转子铁心 是用0.5mm厚的硅钢片叠压而成，套在转轴上，作用和定子铁心相同，一方面作为电动机磁路的一部分，一方面用来安放转子绕组。 （2）转子绕组 异步电动机的转子绕组分为绕线形与笼形两种，由此分为绕线转子异步电动机与笼形异步电动机。 ① 绕线形绕组 与定子绕组一样也是一个三相绕组，一般接成星形，三相引出线分别接到转轴上的三个与转轴绝缘的集电环上，通过电刷装置与外电路相连，这就有可能在转子电路中串接电阻或电动势以改善电动机的运行性能，见图1.4。 图1.4 绕线形转子与外加变阻器的连接 1—集电环；2—电刷；3—变阻器 ② 笼形绕组 在转子铁心的每一个槽中插入一根铜条，在铜条两端各用一个铜环（称为端环）把导条连接起来，称为铜排转子，如图1.5（a）所示。也可用铸铝的方法，把转子导条和端环风扇叶片用铝液一次浇铸而成，称为铸铝转子，如图1.5（b）所示。100kW以下的异步电动机一般采用铸铝转子。 （a）铜排转子 （b）铸铝转子 图1.5 笼形转子绕组 3．其他部分 其他部分包括端盖、风扇等。端盖除了起防护作用外，在端盖上还装有轴承，用以支撑转子轴。风扇则用来通风冷却电动机。三相异步电动机的定子与转子之间的空气隙，一般仅为0.2mm～1.5mm。气隙太大，电动机运行时的功率因数降低；气隙太小，使装配困难，运行不可靠，高次谐波磁场增强，从而使附加损耗增加以及使启动性能变差。 二.三相异步电动机原理 当向三相定子绕组中通过入对称的三相交流电时，就产生了一个以同步转速n1沿定子和转子内圆空间作顺时针方向旋转的旋转磁场。由于旋转磁场以n1转速旋转，转子导体开始时是静止的，故转子导体将切割定子旋转磁场而产生感应电动势（感应电动势的方向用右手定则判定）。由于导子导体两端被短路环短接，在感应电动势的作用下，转子导体中将产生与感应电动势方向基本一致的感生电流。转子的载流导体在定子磁场中受到电磁力的作用（力的方向用左手定则判定）。电磁力对转子轴产生电磁转矩，驱动转子沿着旋转磁场方向旋转。 通过上述分析可以总结出电动机工作原理为：当电动机的三相定子绕组（各相差120度电角度），通入三相对称交流电后，将产生一个旋转磁场，该旋转磁场切割转子绕组，从而在转子绕组中产生感应电流（转子绕组是闭合通路），载流的转子导体在定子旋转磁场作用下将产生电磁力，从而在电机转轴上形成电磁转矩，驱动电动机旋转，并且电机旋转方向与旋转磁场方向相同 The three-phase asynchronous motor structure and working principle 1. The structure of three-phase asynchronous motor: Types of three-phase asynchronous motor, but all kinds of three-phase asynchronous motor is the same basic structure, they are the stator and rotor of these two basic components, the stator and rotor has a certain air gap between. In addition, end caps, bearings, cable boxes, rings and other accessories, As shown in Figure 1.1. Figure 1.1 Closed-end three-phase cage induction motor structure 1 - bearing; 2 - the front cover; 3 - axis; 4 - Junction Box; 5 - rings; 6 - stator core; 7 - rotor; 8 - stator windings; 9 - base; 10 - after the end caps; 11 - wind shield; 12 - Fan 1. Stator part Stator is used to generate the rotating magnetic field. Stator three-phase motors generally shell, stator core, stator windings and other parts. (1) shell Three-phase motor casing including base, end caps, bearing caps, rings, such as junction boxes and components. Machine Block: cast iron or steel casting molding, and its role is to protect and fixed three-phase motor stator windings. Small and medium-sized three-phase motor base and two end caps supporting the rotor, which is three-phase electrical machinery an important part of the structure. Typically, the base looks good thermal performance requirements, so there are generally cast heat sink. Cover: The casting of cast iron or cast steel molding, which is fixed to the rotor center in the stator cavity, the rotor in the stator in the rotating evenly. Bearing Caps: Cast iron or steel casting is formed, its role is a fixed rotor, the rotor can not move axially, and lubricants storage and protection from the role of bearing. Junction Box: Cast iron casting in general is that its role is to protect and fixed pinout terminals of the windings. Rings: steel manufacturing in general is installed in the upper base for lifting, moving, carrying three-phase motor. (2) Stator Core Induction motor stator core is part of the motor circuit from 0.35mm ~ 0.5mm thick coated with a thin insulating paint from silicon, as shown in Figure 1.2. And as a result of silicon thin film and between the insulation film, so reduced as a result of alternating magnetic flux through the core caused by eddy current loss. Core inner circle are uniformly distributed the slot to put the stator cruising inlay. (A) stator core (b) stator lamination Figure 1.2 Stator Core and red-chip diagram (3) The stator windings Three-phase motor stator windings are part of the circuit, there are three-phase three-phase motor windings, symmetrical three-phase current access, it will have a rotating magnetic field. Three-phase winding consists of three separate components of the winding, and each has a number of coil windings connected. Is a phase of each winding, each winding in the space angle difference between the 120 ° electrical. Coil of copper wire from the insulation or insulated aluminum wire around the system. Small and medium-sized three-phase motors use a round wire, large and medium-sized three-phase motor stator windings are insulated with a larger cross-section aluminum flat wound copper wire or flat system, and then embedded in a certain law of stator core slots. Three-phase stator windings of the six round side are directed to the junction box on the first side, respectively, marked U1, V1, W1, respectively, marked as the end of U2, V2, W2. The six round side of the box with the wiring as shown in Figure 1.3, you can access into a star or triangle. Figure 1.3 links the stator windings (A) star connection (b) triangle connecting 2. Rotor part (1) Rotor Core With 0.5mm thick steel from, set in the shaft, the role and the same stator core, on the one hand, as part of the motor magnetic circuit, on the one hand to place the rotor windings. (2) rotor windings The rotor winding induction motor winding is divided into two kinds of cage-shaped and which is divided into winding rotor asynchronous motor with cage induction motor. ① shaped winding winding Like with the stator windings is also a three-phase winding, the general access into astrocytes, respectively, received a three-phase pinout on the three axes and axes of the collector ring insulation, and through the brush device connected with the external circuit, which may circuit in the rotor resistance or electromotive force in series in order to improve the operation of motor performance, see Figure 1.4. Figure 1.4 Rotor winding-shaped connection with the plus rheostat 1 - collecting ring; 2 - Brush; 3 - Varistors ② cage winding Rotor core in each slot a copper insert in the ends of the copper with a铜环(known as side Wan) to connect the lead article, called copper rotor, Figure 1.5 (a) as shown in . Aluminum methods can also be used to guide the rotor end ring and fan blades made of aluminum casting a liquid, known as cast aluminum rotor, Figure 1.5 (b) below. Following the induction motor 100kW generally cast aluminum rotor. (a) copper rotor (b) cast aluminum rotor Figure 1.5 Rotor cage 3. Other parts of Other parts including the cover, fans, etc.. In addition to the role of end caps to protect, in the end caps is also fitted with bearings to support the rotor shaft. Cooling fan motor is used for ventilation. Three-phase asynchronous motor stator and rotor of the air gap between the general is only 0.2mm ~ 1.5mm. Air gap too large, the motor run-time to reduce the power factor; air-gap is too small to make the assembly difficult, does not run a reliable, high-harmonic magnetic field increased, thus increasing wear and tear as well as additional start-up performance to deteriorate II. The principle of three-phase asynchronous motor : When the three-phase stator windings through the three-phase alternating current into symmetric, they have had a n1 synchronous speed along the stator and rotor space for inner circle clockwise rotation of the rotating magnetic field. As the rotation speed of rotating magnetic field to n1, the beginning of the rotor conductors is static, it will be cutting the rotor conductors in the stator rotating magnetic field induction electromotive force generated (electromotive force induced by the direction of right-hand rule to determine). Since the derivation conductor ring at both ends by a short circuit shorted, the role of EMF in the sensor, the rotor conductors and inductive electromotive force will produce basically the same as the direction of the induced current. Rotor stator current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field by the electromagnetic force (the direction of force is determined by left-handed set). Electromagnetic force on the rotor axis electromagnetic torque, rotor-driven rotating magnetic field along the direction of rotation. Through this analysis can be summed up as the motor working principle: When the three-phase motor stator windings (the difference between the electrical angle of 120 degrees), access to symmetrical three-phase alternating current will produce a rotating magnetic field, the rotating magnetic field cutting rotor windings, which in rotor windings produce induced current (rotor winding path is closed), current-carrying conductors in the rotor stator rotating magnetic field will produce under the electromagnetic force, which formed in the motor electromagnetic torque shaft, rotary drive motor, and motor rotation direction and rotation the same direction as the magnetic field.
